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5th century BCE – 5th century BCE

Egyptian Revolt Against Persia

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A major Egyptian uprising against Achaemenid Persian rule, led initially by Inaros and later continued by Amyrtaios. Greek forces from Athens supported the revolt, helping defeat the Persian satrap Achaemenes before Persian armies reconquered the insurgent strongholds. The episode demonstrated the military importance of Greek support to Egyptian resistance during the fifth century BC.

Territory · Event

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Ask Uriti

  • What unfolded during Egyptian Revolt Against Persia?
  • What happened for Egyptian Revolt Against Persia between 460 av. J.-C. and 449 av. J.-C.?
  • What is the link between Egyptian Revolt Against Persia and Achaemenes?
  • About Egyptian Revolt Against Persia: can you clarify “Inaros led the principal uprising”?

The Story

Revolt and Greek intervention

Following the death of Xerxes and civil war in Persia, Inaros, a ruler of the vassal Libyans west of Egypt, raised much of Lower Egypt in revolt. The Persian satrap Achaemenes retained Memphis, but a Greek fleet associated with Athens sailed up the Nile after Inaros secured its assistance. The combined forces defeated and killed Achaemenes, then besieged the remaining Persian army and its Egyptian allies in Memphis’s White Fort.

Persia eventually sent a relieving army into Egypt in 456 BC. The besiegers were defeated, and the Greek contingent together with Inaros was forced onto the island of Prosopitis. Persian forces stormed the island in 454 BC; surviving Greeks escaped overland toward Cyrene, while Inaros surrendered under a promise of safety and was later crucified after five years in captivity.

Resistance continued under Amyrtaios, who held out in the marshes of the Delta. A further Athenian intervention was attempted around 451 BC, but Greek withdrawal and the subsequent peace between Athens and Persia left the Egyptian rebels without decisive external support. The revolt then faded or was suppressed, revealing the continuing dependence of Egyptian resistance on Greek allies.

Note

The identification of Inaros with the Egyptian name Ienheru, and his possible descent from the Saite kings, is presented as conjectural.

Key Points

  • Inaros led the principal uprising
  • Athens supplied decisive military support
  • Memphis resisted a prolonged siege
  • Persia reconquered Egypt by 454 BC

Trust

high

This level indicates the accuracy of the dates, locations, and boundaries available in the current corpus.

Source

The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050

A starting point for further exploration—not an exhaustive bibliography.

ResourcesMap
EventTrust high

5th century BCE – 5th century BCE

Egyptian Revolt Against Persia

Egypt

Listen
Compare
View in the constellation

A major Egyptian uprising against Achaemenid Persian rule, led initially by Inaros and later continued by Amyrtaios. Greek forces from Athens supported the revolt, helping defeat the Persian satrap Achaemenes before Persian armies reconquered the insurgent strongholds. The episode demonstrated the military importance of Greek support to Egyptian resistance during the fifth century BC.

Territory · Event

Continue exploring

Ask Uriti

  • What unfolded during Egyptian Revolt Against Persia?
  • What happened for Egyptian Revolt Against Persia between 460 av. J.-C. and 449 av. J.-C.?
  • What is the link between Egyptian Revolt Against Persia and Achaemenes?
  • About Egyptian Revolt Against Persia: can you clarify “Inaros led the principal uprising”?

The Story

Revolt and Greek intervention

Following the death of Xerxes and civil war in Persia, Inaros, a ruler of the vassal Libyans west of Egypt, raised much of Lower Egypt in revolt. The Persian satrap Achaemenes retained Memphis, but a Greek fleet associated with Athens sailed up the Nile after Inaros secured its assistance. The combined forces defeated and killed Achaemenes, then besieged the remaining Persian army and its Egyptian allies in Memphis’s White Fort.

Persia eventually sent a relieving army into Egypt in 456 BC. The besiegers were defeated, and the Greek contingent together with Inaros was forced onto the island of Prosopitis. Persian forces stormed the island in 454 BC; surviving Greeks escaped overland toward Cyrene, while Inaros surrendered under a promise of safety and was later crucified after five years in captivity.

Resistance continued under Amyrtaios, who held out in the marshes of the Delta. A further Athenian intervention was attempted around 451 BC, but Greek withdrawal and the subsequent peace between Athens and Persia left the Egyptian rebels without decisive external support. The revolt then faded or was suppressed, revealing the continuing dependence of Egyptian resistance on Greek allies.

Note

The identification of Inaros with the Egyptian name Ienheru, and his possible descent from the Saite kings, is presented as conjectural.

Key Points

  • Inaros led the principal uprising
  • Athens supplied decisive military support
  • Memphis resisted a prolonged siege
  • Persia reconquered Egypt by 454 BC

Trust

high

This level indicates the accuracy of the dates, locations, and boundaries available in the current corpus.

Source

The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2: From c.500 BC to AD 1050

A starting point for further exploration—not an exhaustive bibliography.