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70th century BCE – 60th century BCE

Round Head Rock Art

Central Sahara, west of the Ennedi

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The Round Head style is an early Saharan rock-art tradition featuring engravings and, especially, paintings of large, often faceless human figures with rounded heads, alongside wild animals such as giraffes, elephants, rhinoceroses, ostriches, and giant buffalo. It began before 6000 BC and may have ended during the sixth millennium BC. Its makers are uncertain but may have included pottery-using hunters, fishermen, and early animal herders.

Territory · Civilization

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Ask Uriti

  • What defines the Round Head Rock Art civilisation?
  • What role does Round Head Rock Art play in the Central Sahara region?
  • What is the link between Round Head Rock Art and Ennedi?
  • About Round Head Rock Art: can you clarify “Paintings feature monumental rounded heads”?

The Story

The enigmatic Round Head figures

In parts of the Sahara, the Large Wild Fauna or Bubalis phase was followed by the Round Head style. This tradition includes some engravings but is particularly associated with paintings, apparently among the earliest in North Africa. Its human figures are often gigantic, with rounded and usually faceless heads that may be horned or masked.

The imagery combines these enigmatic human forms with wild animals, including giraffes, elephants, rhinoceroses, ostriches, and occasionally the giant buffalo. The style was not distributed across the entire Sahara: the excerpt states that it is absent east of the Ennedi in Chad. Its beginnings lie well before 6000 BC, and it may have been replaced during the sixth millennium by the Bovidian Pastoral phase.

The identity and economy of the artists remain uncertain. They may have belonged to groups classified archaeologically as Neolithic of Sudanese Tradition, using pottery while hunting and fishing, herding some goats and perhaps cattle, and possibly cultivating plants in an incipient form. The style therefore occupies an important but unresolved position between mobile foraging and emerging pastoral lifeways.

Key Points

  • Paintings feature monumental rounded heads
  • Wild animals accompany human figures
  • Beginnings precede 6000 BC
  • Makers may have combined foraging and herding

Trust

average

This level indicates the accuracy of the dates, locations, and boundaries available in the current corpus.

Source

The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 1: From the Earliest Times to c.500 BC

A starting point for further exploration—not an exhaustive bibliography.

ResourcesMap
CivilizationTrust average

70th century BCE – 60th century BCE

Round Head Rock Art

Central Sahara, west of the Ennedi

Listen
Compare
View in the constellation

The Round Head style is an early Saharan rock-art tradition featuring engravings and, especially, paintings of large, often faceless human figures with rounded heads, alongside wild animals such as giraffes, elephants, rhinoceroses, ostriches, and giant buffalo. It began before 6000 BC and may have ended during the sixth millennium BC. Its makers are uncertain but may have included pottery-using hunters, fishermen, and early animal herders.

Territory · Civilization

Continue exploring

Ask Uriti

  • What defines the Round Head Rock Art civilisation?
  • What role does Round Head Rock Art play in the Central Sahara region?
  • What is the link between Round Head Rock Art and Ennedi?
  • About Round Head Rock Art: can you clarify “Paintings feature monumental rounded heads”?

The Story

The enigmatic Round Head figures

In parts of the Sahara, the Large Wild Fauna or Bubalis phase was followed by the Round Head style. This tradition includes some engravings but is particularly associated with paintings, apparently among the earliest in North Africa. Its human figures are often gigantic, with rounded and usually faceless heads that may be horned or masked.

The imagery combines these enigmatic human forms with wild animals, including giraffes, elephants, rhinoceroses, ostriches, and occasionally the giant buffalo. The style was not distributed across the entire Sahara: the excerpt states that it is absent east of the Ennedi in Chad. Its beginnings lie well before 6000 BC, and it may have been replaced during the sixth millennium by the Bovidian Pastoral phase.

The identity and economy of the artists remain uncertain. They may have belonged to groups classified archaeologically as Neolithic of Sudanese Tradition, using pottery while hunting and fishing, herding some goats and perhaps cattle, and possibly cultivating plants in an incipient form. The style therefore occupies an important but unresolved position between mobile foraging and emerging pastoral lifeways.

Key Points

  • Paintings feature monumental rounded heads
  • Wild animals accompany human figures
  • Beginnings precede 6000 BC
  • Makers may have combined foraging and herding

Trust

average

This level indicates the accuracy of the dates, locations, and boundaries available in the current corpus.

Source

The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 1: From the Earliest Times to c.500 BC

A starting point for further exploration—not an exhaustive bibliography.

Continue the journey

Related Paths

Other paths related to this story.

  • Large Wild Fauna (Bubalis) Rock ArtCivilization·90th century BCE — 60th century BCE