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100th century BCE

Swartkrans

South Africa

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Swartkrans is a South African cave locality that yielded hominid remains associated with Australopithecus-rich deposits and later infillings containing Acheulian stone artefacts. A mandible initially designated Telanthropus capensis was later transferred to Homo erectus, while other specimens from an earlier infilling were treated as a small sample of an ancient Homo species. Stratigraphic differences between Members 1 and 2 are central to interpreting the age and taxonomic affiliations of the fossils.

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Ask Uriti

  • What place did Swartkrans hold in its time?
  • What do we know about Swartkrans from 10 000 av. J.-C. onward?
  • What is the link between Swartkrans and Australopithecus crassidens?
  • About Swartkrans: can you clarify “South African cave locality”?

The Story

Stratigraphy and taxonomic debate

Swartkrans is presented as a key South African cave locality in the early history of Homo research. Several specimens were recovered in association with Australopithecus crassidens, including a largely complete mandible with five molars that Broom and Robinson designated Telanthropus capensis. In total, approximately six specimens were considered to represent this second hominid at the locality, though the interpretation of multiple taxa remained controversial.

The type mandible, SK. 15, came from Member 2, a younger cave infilling than Member 1, which contains abundant australopithecine remains. Member 2 followed an extended episode of erosion and yielded Acheulian stone artefacts. Its vertebrate fauna suggested the Cornelian Faunal Span and therefore an age sometime in the Middle Pleistocene, although the exact age remained unknown.

In 1961 Robinson transferred the remains attributed to Telanthropus capensis to Homo erectus, an attribution considered appropriate for the type mandible, an associated molar, and a proximal radius. The remaining specimens derived from the earlier Australopithecus-rich infilling and were instead treated as a small sample of an ancient Homo species. The locality therefore illustrates how stratigraphy can alter taxonomic interpretation.

Key Points

  • South African cave locality
  • Member 2 yielded SK. 15
  • Telanthropus capensis later assigned to Homo erectus
  • Acheulian artefacts occur in younger infilling

Trust

average

This level indicates the accuracy of the dates, locations, and boundaries available in the current corpus.

Source

The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 1: From the Earliest Times to c.500 BC

A starting point for further exploration—not an exhaustive bibliography.

ResourcesMap
CityTrust average

100th century BCE

Swartkrans

South Africa

Listen
Compare
View in the constellation

Swartkrans is a South African cave locality that yielded hominid remains associated with Australopithecus-rich deposits and later infillings containing Acheulian stone artefacts. A mandible initially designated Telanthropus capensis was later transferred to Homo erectus, while other specimens from an earlier infilling were treated as a small sample of an ancient Homo species. Stratigraphic differences between Members 1 and 2 are central to interpreting the age and taxonomic affiliations of the fossils.

Territory · City

Continue exploring

Ask Uriti

  • What place did Swartkrans hold in its time?
  • What do we know about Swartkrans from 10 000 av. J.-C. onward?
  • What is the link between Swartkrans and Australopithecus crassidens?
  • About Swartkrans: can you clarify “South African cave locality”?

The Story

Stratigraphy and taxonomic debate

Swartkrans is presented as a key South African cave locality in the early history of Homo research. Several specimens were recovered in association with Australopithecus crassidens, including a largely complete mandible with five molars that Broom and Robinson designated Telanthropus capensis. In total, approximately six specimens were considered to represent this second hominid at the locality, though the interpretation of multiple taxa remained controversial.

The type mandible, SK. 15, came from Member 2, a younger cave infilling than Member 1, which contains abundant australopithecine remains. Member 2 followed an extended episode of erosion and yielded Acheulian stone artefacts. Its vertebrate fauna suggested the Cornelian Faunal Span and therefore an age sometime in the Middle Pleistocene, although the exact age remained unknown.

In 1961 Robinson transferred the remains attributed to Telanthropus capensis to Homo erectus, an attribution considered appropriate for the type mandible, an associated molar, and a proximal radius. The remaining specimens derived from the earlier Australopithecus-rich infilling and were instead treated as a small sample of an ancient Homo species. The locality therefore illustrates how stratigraphy can alter taxonomic interpretation.

Key Points

  • South African cave locality
  • Member 2 yielded SK. 15
  • Telanthropus capensis later assigned to Homo erectus
  • Acheulian artefacts occur in younger infilling

Trust

average

This level indicates the accuracy of the dates, locations, and boundaries available in the current corpus.

Source

The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 1: From the Earliest Times to c.500 BC

A starting point for further exploration—not an exhaustive bibliography.

Continue the journey

Related Paths

Other paths related to this story.

  • Homo erectusCharacter·100th century BCE — 100th century BCE