XIVᵉ siècle – XVIᵉ siècle
Harar plateau, Horn of Africa
Traduction non disponible · Original (anglais) · français indisponible
Adal was a Muslim kingdom established by the Walasma dynasty around the Harar plateau in the late fourteenth century. It unified or coordinated Muslim forces across parts of the Ethiopian region, expanded into the Somali interior, and maintained prolonged military conflict with the Christian empire of Ethiopia. Its rulers exercised influence over Zeila and neighbouring areas, while the Harar region remained outside effective Ethiopian imperial control through the period described.
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Le récit
The kingdom of Adal emerged when Haqedin II and Se'adedin, descendants of 'Umar Walasma of Ifat, transferred their political centre toward the Harar region. The dynasty established there became the dominant power between the Harar plateau and the Gulf of Aden from the last quarter of the fourteenth century onward. Its rise marked a decisive shift in the political geography of the Muslim principalities of the Ethiopian region.
Adal's political importance lay in its capacity to gather Muslim forces that had previously been divided among local communities and petty shaykhdoms. After the Christian conquest of Ifat, Dawaro, and Bali, the new Walasma kingdom promoted a wider movement of Muslim unification. Its expansion threatened the eastern provinces of the Christian empire while also extending southward into the Somali interior, where the absence of a centralized state facilitated Walasma ascendancy.
The Walasma rulers used the Somali interior as a source of manpower for their armies and maintained continuous frontier pressure against the Christian empire of Ethiopia. Se'adedin, who assumed full authority after Haqedin II's death, attacked Dawaro and Bali and carried away cattle and slaves as booty. His campaigns disrupted the eastern frontier until Emperor Dawit defeated him repeatedly, pursued him to Zeila, and had him captured and executed in 1403.
Se'adedin's family went into exile in Arabia, but Rasulid support from Yemen helped restore Walasma power. His successors Sabredin, Mansur, Jemaldin, and Badlay resumed campaigns against Christian occupation forces and gradually recovered parts of Adali territory. Badlay recovered Bali according to Maqrlzi, but he was killed when his invasion of Dawaro was repulsed by Emperor Zara-Ya'qob in 1445.
The expansion and consolidation of Adal constituted a serious threat to the peace and security of the predominantly Muslim-inhabited provinces of the Christian empire along its eastern frontiers.
Adal eventually established more effective military and political control over Zeila and neighbouring areas than the Rasulid kingdom of Yemen had achieved. Its campaigns also drew Somali groups directly into the conflict. The Gadabursi tradition, as reported through an Arabic manuscript, associated Imam 'Ali Si'id with the armies of Se'ad ad-Din, while Ethiopian records connected Somali and Simur communities with the campaigns of Emperor Yishaq.
The political reach of Adal extended beyond the Harar plateau. A passage attributed to Zara-Ya'qob described Badlay's 1445 levies as beginning in northern Eritrea and reaching Mogadishu, whose sultanate was allied with Adal. This testimony portrays Adal as the centre of a broad Muslim coalition spanning the Horn, even though its control over the various peoples and territories was uneven and subject to military fluctuation.
XIVᵉ siècle – XVIᵉ siècle
Harar plateau, Horn of Africa
Traduction non disponible · Original (anglais) · français indisponible
Adal was a Muslim kingdom established by the Walasma dynasty around the Harar plateau in the late fourteenth century. It unified or coordinated Muslim forces across parts of the Ethiopian region, expanded into the Somali interior, and maintained prolonged military conflict with the Christian empire of Ethiopia. Its rulers exercised influence over Zeila and neighbouring areas, while the Harar region remained outside effective Ethiopian imperial control through the period described.
Poursuivre l’exploration
Le récit
The kingdom of Adal emerged when Haqedin II and Se'adedin, descendants of 'Umar Walasma of Ifat, transferred their political centre toward the Harar region. The dynasty established there became the dominant power between the Harar plateau and the Gulf of Aden from the last quarter of the fourteenth century onward. Its rise marked a decisive shift in the political geography of the Muslim principalities of the Ethiopian region.
Adal's political importance lay in its capacity to gather Muslim forces that had previously been divided among local communities and petty shaykhdoms. After the Christian conquest of Ifat, Dawaro, and Bali, the new Walasma kingdom promoted a wider movement of Muslim unification. Its expansion threatened the eastern provinces of the Christian empire while also extending southward into the Somali interior, where the absence of a centralized state facilitated Walasma ascendancy.
The Walasma rulers used the Somali interior as a source of manpower for their armies and maintained continuous frontier pressure against the Christian empire of Ethiopia. Se'adedin, who assumed full authority after Haqedin II's death, attacked Dawaro and Bali and carried away cattle and slaves as booty. His campaigns disrupted the eastern frontier until Emperor Dawit defeated him repeatedly, pursued him to Zeila, and had him captured and executed in 1403.
Se'adedin's family went into exile in Arabia, but Rasulid support from Yemen helped restore Walasma power. His successors Sabredin, Mansur, Jemaldin, and Badlay resumed campaigns against Christian occupation forces and gradually recovered parts of Adali territory. Badlay recovered Bali according to Maqrlzi, but he was killed when his invasion of Dawaro was repulsed by Emperor Zara-Ya'qob in 1445.
The expansion and consolidation of Adal constituted a serious threat to the peace and security of the predominantly Muslim-inhabited provinces of the Christian empire along its eastern frontiers.
Adal eventually established more effective military and political control over Zeila and neighbouring areas than the Rasulid kingdom of Yemen had achieved. Its campaigns also drew Somali groups directly into the conflict. The Gadabursi tradition, as reported through an Arabic manuscript, associated Imam 'Ali Si'id with the armies of Se'ad ad-Din, while Ethiopian records connected Somali and Simur communities with the campaigns of Emperor Yishaq.
The political reach of Adal extended beyond the Harar plateau. A passage attributed to Zara-Ya'qob described Badlay's 1445 levies as beginning in northern Eritrea and reaching Mogadishu, whose sultanate was allied with Adal. This testimony portrays Adal as the centre of a broad Muslim coalition spanning the Horn, even though its control over the various peoples and territories was uneven and subject to military fluctuation.
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