Vᵉ siècle – XIVᵉ siècle
Nile Valley between the First and Sixth Cataracts, Nubia
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Al-Makurra was an independent Christian Nubian kingdom whose relations with Muslim Egypt were regulated by the bakt treaty after the failed Egyptian conquest of Nubia in 651–652. Its capital hosted Arab merchant communities, allowing Islam to enter through trade while the kingdom retained its political autonomy for centuries. Mamluk intervention and the appointment of a Muslim king in 1315 marked a decisive break with its Christian political order.
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Le récit
In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Mukurra was one of two principal riverain kingdoms in Nubia. Its capital was Dunkula, identified with Old Dongola, while its frontier with Alodia lay between the Fifth and Sixth Cataracts. Succession was predominantly matrilineal: the son of a previous ruler’s sister generally possessed the hereditary right to the throne, reflecting political institutions rooted in Nubian society.
Relations with Egypt changed over time. Under the Fatimids, the bakt provided a legal basis for peaceful relations, reciprocal supplies, trade, and protection of the southern frontier. Under the Ayyubids and Mamluks, however, relations deteriorated. Ayyubid forces attacked Mukurra in 1172 and temporarily occupied Kasr Ibrim, while later Mamluk rulers intervened repeatedly and sought to reduce the kingdom to vassalage.
Baybars’s intervention in 1276 placed Shakanda on the throne under terms that required tribute, deliveries of animals, payment of the jizya by non-Muslims, extradition of Arab nomads, and submission to the sultan’s approval. Repeated expeditions devastated the country and weakened its ability to serve as a buffer against predatory nomads. By the fourteenth century, dynastic struggles, Arab involvement, Islamization, and the destruction of Dunkula had left Mukurra without effective central authority.
The kingdom was never formally annexed, and the source rejects the idea that Egyptian invasions constituted a systematic policy of colonization. Nevertheless, Mukurra lost much of its vitality as an organized state. Intermarriage between Arab men and Nubian women enabled Arab groups to acquire succession rights and property under the matrilineal system, while the gradual conversion of the population to Islam accompanied the erosion of the former Christian political order.
Vᵉ siècle – XIVᵉ siècle
Nile Valley between the First and Sixth Cataracts, Nubia
Traduction non disponible · Original (anglais) · français indisponible
Al-Makurra was an independent Christian Nubian kingdom whose relations with Muslim Egypt were regulated by the bakt treaty after the failed Egyptian conquest of Nubia in 651–652. Its capital hosted Arab merchant communities, allowing Islam to enter through trade while the kingdom retained its political autonomy for centuries. Mamluk intervention and the appointment of a Muslim king in 1315 marked a decisive break with its Christian political order.
Poursuivre l’exploration
Le récit
In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Mukurra was one of two principal riverain kingdoms in Nubia. Its capital was Dunkula, identified with Old Dongola, while its frontier with Alodia lay between the Fifth and Sixth Cataracts. Succession was predominantly matrilineal: the son of a previous ruler’s sister generally possessed the hereditary right to the throne, reflecting political institutions rooted in Nubian society.
Relations with Egypt changed over time. Under the Fatimids, the bakt provided a legal basis for peaceful relations, reciprocal supplies, trade, and protection of the southern frontier. Under the Ayyubids and Mamluks, however, relations deteriorated. Ayyubid forces attacked Mukurra in 1172 and temporarily occupied Kasr Ibrim, while later Mamluk rulers intervened repeatedly and sought to reduce the kingdom to vassalage.
Baybars’s intervention in 1276 placed Shakanda on the throne under terms that required tribute, deliveries of animals, payment of the jizya by non-Muslims, extradition of Arab nomads, and submission to the sultan’s approval. Repeated expeditions devastated the country and weakened its ability to serve as a buffer against predatory nomads. By the fourteenth century, dynastic struggles, Arab involvement, Islamization, and the destruction of Dunkula had left Mukurra without effective central authority.
The kingdom was never formally annexed, and the source rejects the idea that Egyptian invasions constituted a systematic policy of colonization. Nevertheless, Mukurra lost much of its vitality as an organized state. Intermarriage between Arab men and Nubian women enabled Arab groups to acquire succession rights and property under the matrilineal system, while the gradual conversion of the population to Islam accompanied the erosion of the former Christian political order.
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