XXᵉ siècle – XXᵉ siècle
Southern Namibia
Traduction non disponible · Original (anglais) · français indisponible
The Bondelswarts Uprising was an armed revolt against South African administration in southern South West Africa in 1922. It grew from impoverishment, livestock losses, settler pressure, restrictive labour measures, taxation, and the denial of political authority to Bondelswarts leaders. The revolt was suppressed by a state military expedition led by Administrator Gysbert Hofmeyr, including aerial bombardment at Guruchas. Abraham Morris and Adam Pienaar were killed, Jacobus Christian was captured, and Bondelswarts livestock was confiscated.
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Le récit
The Bondelswarts entered the early 1920s under severe economic pressure. They had lost large numbers of cattle during the 1915 invasion, while an influx of settlers into the Warmbad district reduced their access to land. New regulations compelled younger men into exploitative labour contracts, and a tax on dogs threatened animals used for hunting. Drought and recession deepened this hardship, producing conditions of desperate poverty.
Political grievances intensified the economic crisis. South African authorities did not allow Bondelswarts leader Jacobus Christian to resume formal authority after his return from exile in 1919. The arrival of Abraham Morris, identified as Jacobus Christian’s lieutenant, in May 1922 helped mobilise discontent within the reserve. Adam Pienaar and other leaders also voiced opposition, and the Bondelswarts rose in arms against the South African administration during 1922.
Fearing a wider uprising, the government responded with force. Administrator Gysbert Hofmeyr personally led a military expedition, and on 29 May two aeroplanes from Pretoria bombed Guruchas, where the Bondelswarts had taken refuge. By 7 June the rebellion had been crushed. Abraham Morris and Adam Pienaar were killed, Jacobus Christian was captured and later released and recognised as headman in 1924, and the community’s livestock was again confiscated.
XXᵉ siècle – XXᵉ siècle
Southern Namibia
Traduction non disponible · Original (anglais) · français indisponible
The Bondelswarts Uprising was an armed revolt against South African administration in southern South West Africa in 1922. It grew from impoverishment, livestock losses, settler pressure, restrictive labour measures, taxation, and the denial of political authority to Bondelswarts leaders. The revolt was suppressed by a state military expedition led by Administrator Gysbert Hofmeyr, including aerial bombardment at Guruchas. Abraham Morris and Adam Pienaar were killed, Jacobus Christian was captured, and Bondelswarts livestock was confiscated.
Poursuivre l’exploration
Le récit
The Bondelswarts entered the early 1920s under severe economic pressure. They had lost large numbers of cattle during the 1915 invasion, while an influx of settlers into the Warmbad district reduced their access to land. New regulations compelled younger men into exploitative labour contracts, and a tax on dogs threatened animals used for hunting. Drought and recession deepened this hardship, producing conditions of desperate poverty.
Political grievances intensified the economic crisis. South African authorities did not allow Bondelswarts leader Jacobus Christian to resume formal authority after his return from exile in 1919. The arrival of Abraham Morris, identified as Jacobus Christian’s lieutenant, in May 1922 helped mobilise discontent within the reserve. Adam Pienaar and other leaders also voiced opposition, and the Bondelswarts rose in arms against the South African administration during 1922.
Fearing a wider uprising, the government responded with force. Administrator Gysbert Hofmeyr personally led a military expedition, and on 29 May two aeroplanes from Pretoria bombed Guruchas, where the Bondelswarts had taken refuge. By 7 June the rebellion had been crushed. Abraham Morris and Adam Pienaar were killed, Jacobus Christian was captured and later released and recognised as headman in 1924, and the community’s livestock was again confiscated.
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