À partir de XVIᵉ siècle
Egypt and the Red Sea
Traduction non disponible · Original (anglais) · français indisponible
Ottoman Egypt was the imperial province established after the Ottoman defeat of the Mamluk sultanate in 1517. Its administration combined Ottoman officials and troops with retained Mamluk customs and personnel. Cairo became the centre of a provincial system governed through a vice-regent, districts, tax institutions and military corps. Egypt also served as an Ottoman base for Red Sea commerce, campaigns against Portuguese influence and expansion into northeast Africa.
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Le récit
After the conquest of Cairo in January 1517, Egypt was reduced from an independent Mamluk state to an Ottoman province. Sultan Selim left Khayr Bey, the Mamluk defector, in charge before departing Egypt in September 1517. Khayr Bey governed as the sultan’s vassal while retaining the Mamluk title Malik al-umara and surrounding himself with former Mamluk dignitaries willing to serve the new regime.
The new administration preserved important institutional practices while placing them within Ottoman imperial authority. Justice continued to rely on four chief judges, one for each legal school. Khayr Bey abolished the ikta tenures, incorporated them into state property, commissioned a cadastral survey and revised landholding arrangements so that Egypt could supply grain to the Hijaz and the holy cities.
Ottoman authority rested on a permanent military presence. Troops included Janissary and Azab infantry corps as well as two cavalry corps, while Khayr Bey created his own cavalry force from former and new Mamluks. The 1524 revolt of Ahmad Pasha, who proclaimed himself sultan and minted coins, demonstrated the fragility of the new order and led Istanbul to issue the Kânûn Name regulating Egypt’s political, military, civil and economic life.
The Kânûn Name divided Egypt into fourteen districts headed by kashifs responsible for irrigation and taxation. It also formalized the odjaks, imperial troops introduced under Selim I, and legalized tax farms known as iltizams. By the late sixteenth century, power was divided between officials appointed by Istanbul and an unofficial military-economic bloc composed of the odjaks, sandjak beys and their Mamluks.
Egypt’s position between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean made it central to Ottoman strategy. Ottoman expeditions reached Aden, Upper Egypt, Nubia, Massawa and Zayla’, while Habesh became an Ottoman province centred on Massawa in 1557. From 1517 to the 1580s, Ottoman power in Egypt reached its zenith, and the province also benefited from the Red Sea transit trade in which coffee replaced older eastern spices.
À partir de XVIᵉ siècle
Egypt and the Red Sea
Traduction non disponible · Original (anglais) · français indisponible
Ottoman Egypt was the imperial province established after the Ottoman defeat of the Mamluk sultanate in 1517. Its administration combined Ottoman officials and troops with retained Mamluk customs and personnel. Cairo became the centre of a provincial system governed through a vice-regent, districts, tax institutions and military corps. Egypt also served as an Ottoman base for Red Sea commerce, campaigns against Portuguese influence and expansion into northeast Africa.
Poursuivre l’exploration
Le récit
After the conquest of Cairo in January 1517, Egypt was reduced from an independent Mamluk state to an Ottoman province. Sultan Selim left Khayr Bey, the Mamluk defector, in charge before departing Egypt in September 1517. Khayr Bey governed as the sultan’s vassal while retaining the Mamluk title Malik al-umara and surrounding himself with former Mamluk dignitaries willing to serve the new regime.
The new administration preserved important institutional practices while placing them within Ottoman imperial authority. Justice continued to rely on four chief judges, one for each legal school. Khayr Bey abolished the ikta tenures, incorporated them into state property, commissioned a cadastral survey and revised landholding arrangements so that Egypt could supply grain to the Hijaz and the holy cities.
Ottoman authority rested on a permanent military presence. Troops included Janissary and Azab infantry corps as well as two cavalry corps, while Khayr Bey created his own cavalry force from former and new Mamluks. The 1524 revolt of Ahmad Pasha, who proclaimed himself sultan and minted coins, demonstrated the fragility of the new order and led Istanbul to issue the Kânûn Name regulating Egypt’s political, military, civil and economic life.
The Kânûn Name divided Egypt into fourteen districts headed by kashifs responsible for irrigation and taxation. It also formalized the odjaks, imperial troops introduced under Selim I, and legalized tax farms known as iltizams. By the late sixteenth century, power was divided between officials appointed by Istanbul and an unofficial military-economic bloc composed of the odjaks, sandjak beys and their Mamluks.
Egypt’s position between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean made it central to Ottoman strategy. Ottoman expeditions reached Aden, Upper Egypt, Nubia, Massawa and Zayla’, while Habesh became an Ottoman province centred on Massawa in 1557. From 1517 to the 1580s, Ottoman power in Egypt reached its zenith, and the province also benefited from the Red Sea transit trade in which coffee replaced older eastern spices.
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