XIXᵉ siècle – XIXᵉ siècle
Madagascar
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Ranavalona I was queen of Madagascar from 1828 to 1861. She sought to preserve Malagasy political independence, institutions, traditions, and control over foreign commerce while retaining selected technical and educational assistance. Her government restricted Christianity, expelled missionaries, resisted British and French pressure, encouraged domestic manufacturing, and continued Merina expansion. Her reign combined state consolidation with severe religious persecution and recurrent conflict with European powers.
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Le récit
Ranavalona I came to the throne after Radama I’s death in 1828 with the support of nobles and army chiefs displaced by his policies. Her early government replaced Radama’s close associates and concentrated power around Rainiharo and Rainijohary. These rulers helped strengthen a Hova middle class whose economic, administrative, and political influence later challenged the monarchy. The new regime presented itself as a defence of Malagasy independence against foreign influence.
Ranavalona’s policy did not reject every form of European cooperation. She valued secular education, military equipment, manufactured goods, and technical expertise, but opposed the political and religious consequences of British influence. Her government ended the treaty relationship with Britain, restricted foreign commerce, and eventually prohibited Christian conversion and preaching. In 1835 she told British missionaries that arts and sciences could be taught, while Malagasy subjects were expected to retain their traditional customs.
The suppression of Christianity became increasingly severe. Rasalama was executed in August 1837 and Raqarilahy-Andriamazok in February 1838, followed by the exile of missionaries and violent persecution of Malagasy Christians. Christianity nevertheless survived through clandestine communities meeting in caves and private homes. Ranavalona’s court remained cautious in its dealings with Britain and France because it needed access to arms, ammunition, luxury goods, and export markets.
Ranavalona combined external resistance with domestic economic development. Jean Laborde established factories at Ilafy and Mantasoa, where a large industrial complex produced guns, cannon, glass, soap, and other goods. The queen also supported sugar production and a factory at Mahela producing sugar and rum. She continued Merina expansion, created Fianarantsoa as a regional capital in 1831, and dispatched campaigns toward the south while Sakalava and Antankara resistance persisted in the west and north-west.
XIXᵉ siècle – XIXᵉ siècle
Madagascar
Traduction non disponible · Original (anglais) · français indisponible
Ranavalona I was queen of Madagascar from 1828 to 1861. She sought to preserve Malagasy political independence, institutions, traditions, and control over foreign commerce while retaining selected technical and educational assistance. Her government restricted Christianity, expelled missionaries, resisted British and French pressure, encouraged domestic manufacturing, and continued Merina expansion. Her reign combined state consolidation with severe religious persecution and recurrent conflict with European powers.
Poursuivre l’exploration
Le récit
Ranavalona I came to the throne after Radama I’s death in 1828 with the support of nobles and army chiefs displaced by his policies. Her early government replaced Radama’s close associates and concentrated power around Rainiharo and Rainijohary. These rulers helped strengthen a Hova middle class whose economic, administrative, and political influence later challenged the monarchy. The new regime presented itself as a defence of Malagasy independence against foreign influence.
Ranavalona’s policy did not reject every form of European cooperation. She valued secular education, military equipment, manufactured goods, and technical expertise, but opposed the political and religious consequences of British influence. Her government ended the treaty relationship with Britain, restricted foreign commerce, and eventually prohibited Christian conversion and preaching. In 1835 she told British missionaries that arts and sciences could be taught, while Malagasy subjects were expected to retain their traditional customs.
The suppression of Christianity became increasingly severe. Rasalama was executed in August 1837 and Raqarilahy-Andriamazok in February 1838, followed by the exile of missionaries and violent persecution of Malagasy Christians. Christianity nevertheless survived through clandestine communities meeting in caves and private homes. Ranavalona’s court remained cautious in its dealings with Britain and France because it needed access to arms, ammunition, luxury goods, and export markets.
Ranavalona combined external resistance with domestic economic development. Jean Laborde established factories at Ilafy and Mantasoa, where a large industrial complex produced guns, cannon, glass, soap, and other goods. The queen also supported sugar production and a factory at Mahela producing sugar and rum. She continued Merina expansion, created Fianarantsoa as a regional capital in 1831, and dispatched campaigns toward the south while Sakalava and Antankara resistance persisted in the west and north-west.
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