Jusqu’à XIXᵉ siècle
Sudan
Traduction non disponible · Original (anglais) · français indisponible
Khalifa ‘Abdullah Ibn al-Sayyid Muhammad succeeded Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi as the principal leader of the Mahdist state. He made jihad the cornerstone of foreign policy and pursued campaigns against Egypt and Ethiopia while confronting severe administrative and economic difficulties. His forces suffered defeats at Tushki, Tokar, Kassala, Atbara, and Karari. After the final defeat at Umm Diwaykarat on 24 November 1899, the Khalifa was found dead on his prayer rug, marking the collapse of the Mahdist state.
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Le récit
After Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi died in June 1885, leadership passed to Khalifa ‘Abdullah Ibn al-Sayyid Muhammad. The new ruler inherited a state whose institutions were grounded in the Qur’an and Sunna but whose survival depended on military organization, administrative consolidation, and the management of serious economic pressures.
Khalifa ‘Abdullah made jihad the central principle of the Mahdist state’s foreign policy. He and the Mahdi had sent warning letters to rulers including the Khedive of Egypt, the Ottoman emperor, and the emperor of Abyssinia, demanding acceptance of the Mahdi’s mission or threatening immediate jihad. Under the Khalifa, this ideological posture became an active program of warfare.
Mahdist forces invaded Egypt under the leadership of ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Nujumi but were defeated at Tushki in 1889. On the eastern front, the Ansar lost Tokar in 1891 and Kassala in 1894. The Khalifa’s insistence that the Ethiopian emperor accept Mahdism and Islam also prevented an alliance between Sudan and Ethiopia against European imperialism, prolonging a confrontation that weakened both states.
When Britain decided to invade Sudan in 1896, Anglo-Egyptian forces under General H. H. Kitchener occupied Dongola province between March and September. The Khalifa then mobilized his forces. They were defeated at Atbara on 8 April 1898 and again at Karari near Omdurman on 2 September 1898, where superior armaments overcame determined Sudanese resistance.
Khalifa ‘Abdullah withdrew east of Kordofan after Karari and attempted to regroup. He remained a military problem for the new administration for another year, but was finally defeated at Umm Diwaykarat on 24 November 1899. His death, found on a sheepskin prayer rug after the battle, marked the collapse of the Mahdist state.
Jusqu’à XIXᵉ siècle
Sudan
Traduction non disponible · Original (anglais) · français indisponible
Khalifa ‘Abdullah Ibn al-Sayyid Muhammad succeeded Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi as the principal leader of the Mahdist state. He made jihad the cornerstone of foreign policy and pursued campaigns against Egypt and Ethiopia while confronting severe administrative and economic difficulties. His forces suffered defeats at Tushki, Tokar, Kassala, Atbara, and Karari. After the final defeat at Umm Diwaykarat on 24 November 1899, the Khalifa was found dead on his prayer rug, marking the collapse of the Mahdist state.
Poursuivre l’exploration
Le récit
After Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi died in June 1885, leadership passed to Khalifa ‘Abdullah Ibn al-Sayyid Muhammad. The new ruler inherited a state whose institutions were grounded in the Qur’an and Sunna but whose survival depended on military organization, administrative consolidation, and the management of serious economic pressures.
Khalifa ‘Abdullah made jihad the central principle of the Mahdist state’s foreign policy. He and the Mahdi had sent warning letters to rulers including the Khedive of Egypt, the Ottoman emperor, and the emperor of Abyssinia, demanding acceptance of the Mahdi’s mission or threatening immediate jihad. Under the Khalifa, this ideological posture became an active program of warfare.
Mahdist forces invaded Egypt under the leadership of ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Nujumi but were defeated at Tushki in 1889. On the eastern front, the Ansar lost Tokar in 1891 and Kassala in 1894. The Khalifa’s insistence that the Ethiopian emperor accept Mahdism and Islam also prevented an alliance between Sudan and Ethiopia against European imperialism, prolonging a confrontation that weakened both states.
When Britain decided to invade Sudan in 1896, Anglo-Egyptian forces under General H. H. Kitchener occupied Dongola province between March and September. The Khalifa then mobilized his forces. They were defeated at Atbara on 8 April 1898 and again at Karari near Omdurman on 2 September 1898, where superior armaments overcame determined Sudanese resistance.
Khalifa ‘Abdullah withdrew east of Kordofan after Karari and attempted to regroup. He remained a military problem for the new administration for another year, but was finally defeated at Umm Diwaykarat on 24 November 1899. His death, found on a sheepskin prayer rug after the battle, marked the collapse of the Mahdist state.
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