XXᵉ siècle
Namibia
Traduction non disponible · Original (anglais) · français indisponible
A South African constitutional initiative that created an ethnic-based Advisory Council at national level in Namibia. The arrangement was intended to preserve South African influence while presenting a limited concession to United Nations concerns. It was rejected by SWAPO, SWANU, Clemens Kapuuo, and the Mbanderu omuhona Munjuku II, and was later understood as part of a federal structure incorporating several Bantustans rather than a route to genuine self-government or independence.
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Le récit
After the 1971–72 strike and growing international pressure, South Africa sought new constitutional arrangements for Namibia. In March 1972, the United Nations Secretary General Kurt Waldheim visited Namibia, followed by his representative Alfred Escher in October. Escher proposed an Advisory Council established on an ethnic basis at national level, while Namibia would remain a single unit.
The proposal represented only a limited concession to the United Nations. The Odendaal Plan had envisaged dividing Namibia into ten homelands and incorporating the “white areas” into South Africa; the Advisory Council instead preserved a formally unified Namibia. Nevertheless, the South African proposals fell far short of self-government and independence, and the United Nations rejected them.
When the Advisory Council was created in March 1973, it became clear that it was intended to form part of a federal structure incorporating several Bantustans. Its membership came from most of Namibia’s eleven supposed population groups. SWAPO and SWANU rejected it, as did Clemens Kapuuo, who had become Herero paramount after Hosea Kutako’s death in 1970, and the Mbanderu omuhona Munjuku II.
The initiative therefore generated neither broad legitimacy nor a settlement. In the following years, South Africa amended its self-government legislation, established elected assemblies in Owambo and Kavango, and created councils for Coloured, Rehoboth, and Damara communities. These arrangements formed part of a new wave of protest rather than resolving Namibia’s demand for independence.
XXᵉ siècle
Namibia
Traduction non disponible · Original (anglais) · français indisponible
A South African constitutional initiative that created an ethnic-based Advisory Council at national level in Namibia. The arrangement was intended to preserve South African influence while presenting a limited concession to United Nations concerns. It was rejected by SWAPO, SWANU, Clemens Kapuuo, and the Mbanderu omuhona Munjuku II, and was later understood as part of a federal structure incorporating several Bantustans rather than a route to genuine self-government or independence.
Poursuivre l’exploration
Le récit
After the 1971–72 strike and growing international pressure, South Africa sought new constitutional arrangements for Namibia. In March 1972, the United Nations Secretary General Kurt Waldheim visited Namibia, followed by his representative Alfred Escher in October. Escher proposed an Advisory Council established on an ethnic basis at national level, while Namibia would remain a single unit.
The proposal represented only a limited concession to the United Nations. The Odendaal Plan had envisaged dividing Namibia into ten homelands and incorporating the “white areas” into South Africa; the Advisory Council instead preserved a formally unified Namibia. Nevertheless, the South African proposals fell far short of self-government and independence, and the United Nations rejected them.
When the Advisory Council was created in March 1973, it became clear that it was intended to form part of a federal structure incorporating several Bantustans. Its membership came from most of Namibia’s eleven supposed population groups. SWAPO and SWANU rejected it, as did Clemens Kapuuo, who had become Herero paramount after Hosea Kutako’s death in 1970, and the Mbanderu omuhona Munjuku II.
The initiative therefore generated neither broad legitimacy nor a settlement. In the following years, South Africa amended its self-government legislation, established elected assemblies in Owambo and Kavango, and created councils for Coloured, Rehoboth, and Damara communities. These arrangements formed part of a new wave of protest rather than resolving Namibia’s demand for independence.
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